17. 并发执行

The modules described in this chapter provide support for concurrent execution of code. The appropriate choice of tool will depend on the task to be executed (CPU bound vs IO bound) and preferred style of development (event driven cooperative multitasking vs preemptive multitasking) Here’s an overview:

• 17.1. threading — 基于线程的并行
  • 17.1.1. Thread-Local Data
  • 17.1.2. Thread Objects
  • 17.1.3. Lock Objects
  • 17.1.4. RLock Objects
  • 17.1.5. Condition Objects
  • 17.1.6. Semaphore Objects
    • 17.1.6.1. Semaphore Example
  • 17.1.7. Event Objects
  • 17.1.8. Timer Objects
  • 17.1.9. Barrier Objects
  • 17.1.10. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement
• 17.2. multiprocessing — 基于流程的并行
  • 17.2.1. Introduction
    • 17.2.1.1. The Process class
    • 17.2.1.2. Exchanging objects between processes
    • 17.2.1.3. Synchronization between processes
    • 17.2.1.4. Sharing state between processes
    • 17.2.1.5. Using a pool of workers
  • 17.2.2. Reference
    • 17.2.2.1. Process and exceptions
    • 17.2.2.2. Pipes and Queues
    • 17.2.2.3. Miscellaneous
    • 17.2.2.4. Connection Objects
    • 17.2.2.5. Synchronization primitives
    • 17.2.2.6. Shared ctypes Objects
      • 17.2.2.6.1. The multiprocessing.sharedctypes module
    • 17.2.2.7. Managers
      • 17.2.2.7.1. Namespace objects
      • 17.2.2.7.2. Customized managers
      • 17.2.2.7.3. Using a remote manager
    • 17.2.2.8. Proxy Objects
      • 17.2.2.8.1. Cleanup
    • 17.2.2.9. Process Pools
    • 17.2.2.10. Listeners and Clients
      • 17.2.2.10.1. Address Formats
    • 17.2.2.11. Authentication keys
    • 17.2.2.12. Logging
    • 17.2.2.13. The multiprocessing.dummy module
  • 17.2.3. Programming guidelines
    • 17.2.3.1. All platforms
    • 17.2.3.2. Windows
  • 17.2.4. Examples
• 17.3. concurrent 包
• 17.4. concurrent.futures — 启动并行任务
  • 17.4.1. Executor Objects
  • 17.4.2. ThreadPoolExecutor
    • 17.4.2.1. ThreadPoolExecutor Example
  • 17.4.3. ProcessPoolExecutor
    • 17.4.3.1. ProcessPoolExecutor Example
  • 17.4.4. Future Objects
  • 17.4.5. Module Functions
  • 17.4.6. Exception classes
• 17.5. subprocess — 子进程管理
  • 17.5.1. Using the subprocess Module
    • 17.5.1.1. Frequently Used Arguments
    • 17.5.1.2. Popen Constructor
    • 17.5.1.3. Exceptions
    • 17.5.1.4. Security
  • 17.5.2. Popen Objects
  • 17.5.3. Windows Popen Helpers
    • 17.5.3.1. Constants
  • 17.5.4. Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
    • 17.5.4.1. Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote
    • 17.5.4.2. Replacing shell pipeline
    • 17.5.4.3. Replacing os.system()
    • 17.5.4.4. Replacing the os.spawn family
    • 17.5.4.5. Replacing os.popen(), os.popen2(), os.popen3()
    • 17.5.4.6. Replacing functions from the popen2 module
  • 17.5.5. Legacy Shell Invocation Functions
  • 17.5.6. Notes
    • 17.5.6.1. Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows
• 17.6. sched — 事件调度器
  • 17.6.1. Scheduler Objects
• 17.7. queue — 同步队列类
  • 17.7.1. Queue Objects
• 17.8. select — 等待I / O完成
  • 17.8.1. /dev/poll Polling Objects
  • 17.8.2. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects
  • 17.8.3. Polling Objects
  • 17.8.4. Kqueue Objects
  • 17.8.5. Kevent Objects

The following are support modules for some of the above services:

• 17.9. dummy_threading — threading 模块的下拉替换
• 17.10. _thread — 低级别的线程API
• 17.11. _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module